Neandertal and Denisovan retroviruses

Further reading Baillie, J.K., Barnett, M.W., Upton, K.R., Gerhardt, D.J., Richmond, T.A., De Sapio, F., Brennan, P.M., Rizzu, P., Smith, S., Fell, M., et al. (2011). Somatic retrotransposition alters the genetic landscape of the human brain. Nature 479, 534–537. Beck, C.R., Garcia-Perez, J.L., Badge, R.M., and Moran, J.V. (2011). LINE-1 elements in structural variation and disease. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 12, 187–215. Cohen, C.J., Lock, W.M., and Mager, D.L. (2009). Endogenous retroviral LTRs as promoters for human genes: a critical assessment. Gene 448, 105–114. Cordaux, R., and Batzer, M.A. (2009). The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 691–703. de Koning, A.P., Gu, W., Castoe, T.A., Batzer, M.A., and Pollock, D.D. (2011). Repetitive elements may comprise over two-thirds of the human genome. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002384. Dewannieux, M., Esnault, C., and Heidmann, T. (2003). LINE-mediated retrotransposition of marked Alu sequences. Nat. Genet. 35, 41–48. Eickbush, T.H., and Jamburuthugoda, V.K. (2008). The diversity of retrotransposons and the properties of their reverse transcriptases. Virus Res. 134, 221–234. Feschotte, C., Jiang, N., and Wessler, S.R. (2002). Plant transposable elements: where genetics meets genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3, 329–341. Mills, R.E., Walter, K., Stewart, C., Handsaker, R.E., Chen, K., Alkan, C., Abyzov, A., Yoon, S.C., Ye, K., Cheetham, R.K., et al. (2011). Mapping copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing. Nature 470, 59–65. Pardue, M.L., and DeBaryshe, P.G. (2011). Retrotransposons that maintain chromosome ends. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 20317–20324. Senti, K.A., and Brennecke, J. (2010). The piRNA pathway: a fly’s perspective on the guardian of the genome. Trends Genet. 26, 499–509. Siomi, M.C., Sato, K., Pezic, D., and Aravin, A.A. (2011). PIWI-interacting small RNAs: the vanguard of genome defence. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 12, 246–258. Slotkin, R.K., and Martienssen, R. (2007). Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8, 272–285. Wang, H., Xing, J., Grover, D., Hedges, D.J., Han, K., Walker, J.A., and Batzer, M.A. (2005). SVA elements: a hominid-specific retroposon family. J. Mol. Biol. 354, 994–1007. Xing, J., Wang, H., Belancio, V.P., Cordaux, R., Deininger, P.L., and Batzer, M.A. (2006). Emergence of primate genes by retrotransposon-mediated sequence transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 17608–17613. Xing, J., Witherspoon, D.J., Ray, D.A., Batzer, M.A., and Jorde, L.B. (2007). Mobile DNA elements in primate and human evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 45, 2–19.